Radiological features and treatment of erupting maxillary canines in relation to the occurrence of dental developmental abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the radiological features of the permanent canines and the treatment carried out to ensure their eruption relative to certain features involved in Dental Anomaly Patterns (DAP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cross-sectional part of this retrospective register--based study focused on 1,315 dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) of children aged 8.5-10.5 years, while the longitudinal part involved information on the treatment provided for 1,269 canines after the DPTs and on their eruption into the oral cavity. RESULTS: The canines of the DAP children more often showed evidence of early treatment (p = 0.014), with girls having more frequently interceptive treatment (p = 0.004) and boys early headgear (p = 0.022). Delayed dental age was associated with early treatment (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.08-9.99). Either no or clear overlapping of a canine with the lateral incisor occurred more often in the DAP children, whereas canine inclination did not differ between the groups. The root development stage of the canine was more often either beginning or well advanced in the DAP children. CONCLUSIONS: The children with dental developmental abnormalities more often showed evidence of early treatment for the canines. Monitoring of the erupting canines after the first mixed stage is important to enable timely early treatment.

Dental transpositions: An update for clinicians.

Transposition of teeth may present to the general dental practitioner and in some circumstances transposed teeth may present with other dental anomalies. Although dental transpositions are rare anomalies, management of transposed teeth can often be complex, requiring multidisciplinary management. It is therefore important for dentists to be familiar with the clinical and radiographic presentation of transpositions and understand the aetiology to aid early diagnosis and appropriate management.Clinical relevance: Dentists are best placed to detect transposed teeth and should be familiar with the clinical and radiographic presentation, aetiology, and classification of transpositions in order to aid early diagnosis and their subsequent management.

Coincidencia de criterios para el manejo quirúrgico de caninos impactados/retenidos entre ortodoncistas y cirujanos maxilofaciales: estudio piloto / Criteria agreement for the surgical management of impacted/retained canines among orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons: a pilot study

Introducción: Los caninos son piezas dentarias consideradas como importantes en el sistema estomatognático. En la actualidad existe una gran cantidad de pacientes con caninos impactados en México y el tratamiento es desafiante desde una perspectiva diagnóstica y terapéutica para los especialistas. El tratamiento ortodóntico-quirúrgico se ha vuelto el método preferido por los clínicos tanto especialistas en ortodoncia como cirujanos maxilofaciales.Objetivo: Determinar el grado de coincidencia en los criterios para el manejo quirúrgico de caninos impactados/ retenidos.Material y métodos: Fue un estudio observacional descriptivo y analítico. Se aplicó un cuestionario que consistió de 29 preguntas con un tamaño de muestra de 30 ortodoncistas y 30 cirujanos maxilofaciales.Resultados: Este estudio encontró en promedio un nivel moderado de concordancia (54 %) en el manejo de los caninos retenidos entre cirujanos maxilofaciales y ortodoncistas.Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que, aunque existe alguna alineación en las prácticas de manejo entre estos dos grupos profesionales, también hay una considerable variabilidad. Esto puede reflejar diferencias en la formación, experiencia y preferencias individuales. A pesar de la limitación de una muestra pequeña, estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de directrices clínicas más claras y/o formación adicional para mejorar la coherencia en el manejo de los caninos retenidos. (AU)

Introduction: Canines are dental pieces considered as important in the stomatognathic system. Currently, there is a large number of patients with impacted canines in Mexico, and treatment is challenging from a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective for specialists. Orthodonticsurgical treatment has become the preferred method by clinicians, both orthodontics specialists and maxillofacial surgeons.Objective: To determine the degree of agreement in the criteria for the surgical management of impacted/retained canines.Materials and methods: It was a descriptive and analytical observational study. A questionnaire consisting of 29 questions was applied with a sample size of 30 orthodontists and 30 maxillofacial surgeons.Results: This study found on average a moderate level of agreement (54 %) in the management of retained canines between maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists.Conclusions: Our results indicate that, although there is some alignment in management practices between these two professional groups, there is also considerable variability. This may reflect differences in training, experience, and individual preferences. Despite the limitation of a small sample, these findings suggest the need for clearer clinical guidelines and/or additional training to improve consistency in the management of retained canines. (AU)

Association between maxillary canine impaction and other dental anomalies: radiological study of a mixed dentition children's cohort from an orthodontic clinic.

PURPOSE: To investigate the significance of association between maxillary impacted canines and various dental anomalies. METHODS: Files of 874 orthodontic patients were evaluated for the presence of maxillary impacted canines. From this sample, a group of 97 patients (39 males and 58 females) with at least 1 impacted maxillary canine consisted the study group. This group was compared to a control group of 97 patients (42 males and 55 females) that was created by random selection from the initial sample without maxillary canine impaction. The impaction diagnosis was made from the panoramic radiographs. Chi-square test was used to perform the analysis for significant associations. Stepwise discriminant analysis, binary logistic regression and classification tree were used to identify best combinations. RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was found for peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors and infraoccluded deciduous molars. The presence of peg-shaped upper lateral incisors arises the probability of impacted canine to 83.3%, a distal displaced unerupted second premolar to 63.16% and the impaction of any other teeth to 80% as showed by the classification tree. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors and infraocclusion of deciduous molars can be considered major valuable early risk indicators for maxillary canine impaction, because they manifest before the maxillary canine eruption. Special consideration should be given on distal displaced unerupted second premolar and the impaction of any other teeth. Patients with these dental anomalies are candidates for future interceptive treatment for canine eruption.

Interceptive orthodontic management of mandibular lateral incisor-canine transposition using simplified and efficient biomechanical approach: A case report.

PURPOSE: Ectopic eruption anomaly, manifesting as tooth transposition, often presents a complex therapeutic challenge. Mandibular lateral incisor- canine transposition, although observed with rarity, tends to have major impact on development of proper dentition and adversely influence physical, nutritional, aesthetic and overall psychosocial well being of the patient. This report chronicles individualized one-phase orthodontic management of the case of incomplete transposition between mandibular right lateral incisor and canine in a 9-year-old boy during mixed dentition period. METHODS: Interceptive orthodontic treatment was initiated with placement of 2×4 fixed appliance in lower arch. A combination of continuous arch wire technique involving the use of improved superelastic nickel-titanium wire in conjunction with TMA rectangular wire loop was utilized to achieve biomechanically efficient mesial movement of mandibular lateral incisor. Treatment continued with sequential bonding of brackets to the rest of the mandibular dentition until the levelling and alignment of the buccal segment dentition was achieved. RESULTS: Well-timed early interceptive treatment involving simplified and controlled movements helped reinstate tooth order, promote free eruption of buccal segment teeth, reduce anchorage burden and achieve predictable and biologically compatible outcome without the use of lingual arch as an additional source of reinforcing anchorage. CONCLUSION: From an aesthetic, occlusal and functional standpoint, the treatment approach used in the reported case and the therapeutic outcome proved to be highly satisfactory. By optimizing the eruption and alignment patterns of the permanent teeth, preadolescent interceptive orthodontic treatment helps mitigate the burden of malocclusion and risks of complex orthodontic treatment in permanent dentition.

Skeletal-dental features in 33 bull terrier dogs.

BACKGROUND: The Bull terrier breed has been reported in the veterinary literature to suffer frequent dental and skeletal malocclusions. In this retrospective case series, we report skeletal-dental anomalies in a group of 33 Bull terriers presented for a dental consultation. RESULTS: Out of 33 dogs examined, 24 cases had full mouth radiography or Cone-beam computed tomography performed. Eruption and development abnormalities observed were as follows: hypodontia in 54.1% (13/24), eruption changes in 29.2% (7/24), and tooth shape abnormalities in 33.3% (8/24). All dogs presented with some type of dental or skeletal malocclusion: neutroclusion was the most common (66.7% of the animals), followed by mandibular mesioclusion (18.8%), maxillo-mandibular asymmetry (9.4%), and mandibular distoclusion (6.3%). Dental abnormalities noted included rotation of mandibular and maxillary premolar teeth, distal displacement of the incisor teeth, lingual displacement of the mandibular canine teeth, and absence of mandibular premolar and molar teeth. Lingual displacement of mandibular canine teeth was associated with malocclusion causing trauma (odds ratio 7.1, 95% confidence interval [1.4 to 36.1], p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Malocclusions and tooth shape abnormalities were found to be the most frequent finding in this group of Bull terriers. Although these findings cannot be generalized to the global population further studies are needed to observe the true expression of these anomalies in the general breed population.

Bilateral occurrence of bimaxillary bi-rooted primary canines: a rare case report with review of the literature.

Multiple roots in anterior teeth are very rarely reported in the literature. The occurrence of multi-rooted canine in primary dentition is an infrequent entity. This unusual abnormality is an accidental finding on routine examination. Radiographic examination plays a significant role in the identification of this anomaly. This rare anomaly has been reported very infrequently reported and has not been published in a Saudi Arabia population. Therefore, the purpose of the present case report is to describe a case of an 8-year old Saudi boy presented with the bimaxillary occurrence of bi-rooted primary canine. This report discusses this unique occurrence in the context of the published literature.

Unilateral agenesis of permanent superior canine in familial peg-shaped lateral incisors: rare case report and literature review.

Agenesis of permanent maxillary and mandibular canines is very rare; one to all four can be missing, isolated or in association with other missing teeth or with dental morphology abnormalities. Such cases can present functional, esthetic, and psychological problems, since the canine's role in functional occlusion and in obtaining an aesthetic smile is crucial. Frequently, the canine's absence from the arch is caused by impaction; its congenital absence is extremely rare in patients with no associated syndrome. The aim of this paper was to present a very rare case of a non-syndromic Romanian adult female patient with a unilateral permanent maxillary missing canine, in association with peg-shaped maxillary lateral permanent incisors, which can have a genetic cause, since the same morphological abnormality was present in her father and her younger sister, who also presented a rare situation of bilateral upper transposition between the canines and lateral incisors. The association of a permanent maxillary canine hypodontia with bilateral "peg laterals" and transposition between the maxillary canine and the peg-shaped lateral incisors is also rare as a family character in healthy patients. Future statistical studies are necessary to establish the incidence of permanent maxillary canine agenesis in Romanian population. Also, the article includes a detailed literature review of reported cases of agenesis of permanent maxillary canines.

Associations among palatal impaction of canine, sella turcica bridging, and ponticulus posticus (atlas arcuate foramen).

INTRODUCTION: The palatal impaction of canine (PIC) can be predicted by some head and neck skeletal anomalies or variants. Since studies on this regard (especially vertebral anomalies) are scarce, this study was conducted. METHODS: This case-control study was done on 46 PIC orthodontic patients (34 females, 12 males) and 46 control orthodontic patients (36 females, 10 males). The diagnosis of PIC was done on lateral cephalographs and panoramic radiographs. On cephalographs, sella turcica bridging (occurrence and severity) and ponticulus posticus (occurrence and severity) were assessed. Associations between PIC, sella bridging, and ponticulus posticus were examined statistically (α = 0.05, ß ≤ 0.2). RESULTS: Cases' and controls' mean ages were 17.7 ± 4.0 and 17.4 ± 3.5, respectively. Of the case subjects, 22, 22, and 2 had respectively types I (normal), II, and III of sella bridging, while these numbers were 34, 12, and 0 in controls (chi-square P = 0.023 for severity, 0.010 for occurrence). Ponticulus posticus was observed in 28 cases (7 completed) and 17 controls (6 completed, P = 0.022 for occurrence, 0.056 for severity). Sella bridging was not associated with ponticulus posticus (Spearman P = 0.150). According to binary logistic regression, sella bridging can increase the odds of palatal canine impaction for OR = 2.8 times, while ponticulus posticus for OR = 2.6. Age and sex did not affect sella bridging or ponticulus posticus. CONCLUSIONS: Both sella bridging and ponticulus posticus can predict an increased rate of PIC for more than 2.5 times.

Class II malocclusion and ectopic canine treated with Pendulum appliance and TADs in a high-relapse potential Ehlers-Danlos patient: A case report.

The aim of this case report is to present the treatment plan, progress, and retention difficulty of an adolescent with a skeletal Class II malocclusion and ectopic canine eruption using a Pendulum appliance and skeletal anchorage. The patient was diagnosed with benign hypermobile EDS towards the end of treatment. This patient went through frequent relapses in a short period, which should be considered while treating patients with similar condition. This report emphasizes that forces applied in patients with Ehlers Danlos Syndrome will accelerate tooth movement but the clinicians should be cautious enough to avoid potential periodontal breakdown due to disturbaces in collagen remodeling.

Tumor odontogénico adenomatoide mandibular / Mandibular adenomatoid odontogenic tumor

Introducción: El tumor odontogénico adenomatoide, es una neoplasia benigna hamartomatosa de tipo odontogénico, que constituye entre 3 al 7 % de todos los tumores odontogénicos. Se presenta frecuentemente en pacientes jóvenes de sexo femenino y se localiza en el maxilar superior en la zona anterior, principalmente en el canino, se asocia a dientes incluidos, son neoplasias de crecimiento lento, indoloro y asintomático. Se clasifica: en folicular, extrafolicular, y periférico. Presentación del caso: El caso trata de un paciente masculino de 22 años 8 meses, sin antecedentes patológicos de importancia el cual presenta desde hace 1 año abultamiento en región paranasal izquierda, indolora. Acude a odontología del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, donde se le realiza una radiografía panorámica y se evidencia un OD 23 (pieza 23 que no ha erupcionado) la lesión se relaciona con la órbita, se observa una formación quística que abarca maxilar y seno maxilar del lado izquierdo. Además, el abultamiento toma el tercio medio de la región facial. Discusión: El tumor odontogénico adenomatoide es considerado una neoplasia benigna que crece progresivamente y lentamente. El tratamiento de esta lesión es la enucleación y curetaje de la zona afectada sin observarse recidiva.

Introduction: The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, is a benign hamartomatous neoplasm of odontogenic type, which constitutes between 3 to 7% of all odontogenic tumors. It occurs in young patients more than females and are located in the upper jaw in the anterior area, mainly the canine, is associated with teeth included, are slow growing, painless and asymp- tomatic neoplasms. It is classified: follicular, extrafollicular, and peripheral. Case presentation: The case concerns a 22-year-old 8-month-old male patient, with no significant pathological history, who has presented painless bulging in the left paranasal region for 1 year. He goes to dentistry at the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital, where a panoramic X-ray is performed and an OD 23 (piece 23 that has not erupted) is evidenced, the lesion is related to the orbit, a cystic formation is observed that encompasses the maxilla and maxillary sinus of the left side. Also, the bulge takes up the middle third of the facial region. Discussion: The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is considered a benign neoplasm that grows progressively and slowly. The treatment of this lesion is enucleation and curettage of the affected area without observing recurrence.

Transmigración de canino mandibular: etiología, manejo quirúrgico y consideraciones especiales / Mandibular canine transmigration: etiology, surgical management and special considerations

En raras ocasiones, el canino mandibular derecho o izquierdo se coloca en el lado opuesto al habitual. Esta perturbación se define como la transmigración. Existen diversas teorías de su etiología, así como factores que la condicionan. La transmigración mandibular es un término que no está descrito en la literatura contemporánea y son pocos los casos reportados a nivel mundial. Presentamos un caso de trasmigración de canino mandibular derecho, posicionado por debajo del agujero mentoniano de lado izquierdo, cerca del borde basal mandibular, el cual se extrajo bajo anestesia general. Presentamos la etiología, técnica quirúrgica y consideraciones especiales en casos de trasmigración de canino mandibular (AU)

In rare occasions right or left mandibular canine is positionated at opposed side of habitual. This disturbance is defined as transmigration. There exist diverse theories about its etiology as well as conditioning factors. Mandibular transmigration is a non described term in modern literature and there are only a few reported cases at world level. We present one case of right canine transmigration positionated intimately below of left side mentonian hole near of mandibular basal edge which it was extracted under general anesthesia. We present also the etiology, surgical technique and special considerations of mandibular canine transmigration cases (AU)

Faster growth corresponds with shallower linear hypoplastic defects in great ape canines.

Deeper or more 'severe' linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) defects are hypothesized to reflect more severe stress during development, but it is not yet clear how depth is influenced by intrinsic enamel growth patterns. Recent work documented inter- and intraspecific differences in LEH defect depth in extant great apes, with mountain gorillas having shallower defects than other taxa, and females having deeper defects than males. Here, we assess the correspondence of inter- and intraspecific defect depth and intrinsic aspects of enamel growth: enamel extension rates, outer enamel striae of Retzius angles, and linear enamel thickness. Thin sections of great ape canines (n = 40) from Gorilla beringei beringei, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo spp. were analyzed. Enamel extension rates were calculated within deciles of enamel-dentine junction length. Linear enamel thickness and the angle of intersection between striae of Retzius and the outer enamel surface were measured in the imbricational enamel. Mountain gorillas have faster enamel extension rates and shallower striae angles than the other taxa examined. Mountain gorillas have thinner imbricational enamel than western lowland gorillas and orangutans, but not chimpanzees. In the combined-taxon sample, females exhibit larger striae angles and thicker imbricational enamel than males. Enamel extension rates are highly negatively correlated with striae angles and LEH defect depth. Enamel growth variation corresponds with documented inter- and intraspecific differences in LEH defect depth in great ape canines. Mountain gorillas have shallower striae angles and faster extension rates than other taxa, which might explain their shallow LEH defect morphology and the underestimation of their LEH prevalence in previous studies. These results suggest that stressors of similar magnitude and timing might produce defects of different depths in one species or sex vs. another, which has implications for interpretations of stress histories in hominins with variable enamel growth patterns.

Are panoramic radiographs good enough to render correct angle and sector position in palatally displaced canines?

OBJECTIVES: The early interceptive treatment of palatally displaced canines (PDCs) has for decades been based on their position in panoramic radiographs. In the 1990s, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) started to become popular in cases with PDCs. The aims of this prospective study were to evaluate the agreement of PDC sector position and angle to midline between panoramic radiographs and CBCT scans. METHODS: PDC sector and angle to midline were measured in panoramic radiographs and CBCT scans in 58 consecutive patients with 64 PDCs. Kappa with linear weighting was used to assess the agreement between the measurements of PDC sector position and Bland-Altman limits of agreement to assess the agreement between the PDC angular measurements in the 2 methods. RESULTS: PDC sector position and angle to midline had systematically higher values in panoramic radiographs compared with those in the CBCT scans. The agreement of sector position between the methods was fair: weighted kappa 0.36 (95% CI 0.24-0.49). The mean difference in angle was almost 7° (95% CI 5.9°-7.9°) higher in panoramic radiographs compared with CBCT. CONCLUSIONS: Panoramic radiographs overestimate PDC sector and angle to midline position, compared with the use of CBCT scans, but clinically the differences are quite modest. Panoramic radiographs could be considered good enough for rendering PDC position when the need for 3D information is not crucial for treatment planning.

[Study of skeletal features in congenital hypodontia]. / Veleszületett csírahiánnyal társuló skeletalis eltérések vizsgálata.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of congenital hypodontia is increasing in daily practice. Early diagnosis of this dental disorder and the associated skeletal malocclusions is crucial for successful and stable final rehabilitation. AIM: Comparison of cephalometric findings of patients with hypodontia of 1-4 teeth with the measurement results of the control group without teeth agenesis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We evaluated the lateral X-ray of 41 patients with 1-4 teeth agenesis selected from patients referred for orthodontic treatment to the Orthodontic Department of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Târgu Mures within a two-year period. The results were compared with the values of the age and sex matched control group. RESULTS: Bilateral upper incisor and lower bicuspid were missing in most of the hypodontia cases. When looking at the NSGn angle predicting the growth direction of the mandible, statistically significant differences were found between the male (p = 0.012), the front (p = 0.010) and the hypodontia group (p = 0.024) and the control group. Regarding the ANB angle, which shows the sagittal position of the maxilla to the mandible, statistically significant differences were found between the subgroups (women, men, anterior or posterior hypodontia) and the control group. CONCLUSION: Larger number of skeletal class 3 and vertical hypodivergent tendency were observed in the hypodontia group. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(6): 214-219.

Radiculomegaly of canines in oculofaciocardiodental syndrome.

Oculofaciocardiodental (OFCD) syndrome is a rare genetic disease, first reported by Hayward in 1980. This syndrome presents with various ocular, facial, cardiac, and dental symptoms, including congenital cataract, dysmorphic facial features, congenital heart disease, and enlarged roots, respectively. The most important criteria for the diagnosis of OFCD syndrome are dental abnormalities, especially extreme elongation of canine roots. Here, we report detailed analysis of the dentofacial region, as well as ocular, facial, cardiac, and dental findings in a female with OFCD syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, the patient in this case is the first such patient reported in South Korea.

Orthodontic management of a dental anomaly pattern (DAP) including mandibular canine transmigration: A case report: A challenging treatment but worth it!

Orthodontic technology has advanced to the point where management of cases with multiple dental anomalies should be within an orthodontist's daily armamentarium. A patient with bilateral agenesis of lower second premolars, delayed development, and transmigration of a mandibular canine was treated with the aid of hemisection, indirect/closed exposure, application of continuous force, targeted delivery, and strict attention to keeping the roots as much in bone as possible. This was accomplished without implants or flattening the facial profile, yet with excellent periodontal status and a fully functioning occlusion.

Maxillary transverse dimensions in subjects with and without impacted canines: A comparative cone-beam computed tomography study.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to compare the maxillary transverse dimensions between subjects with impacted maxillary canines and subjects without canine impactions, with similar vertical and sagittal features. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 86 cone-beam computed tomography images of subjects with impacted maxillary canines (45 unilateral, 41 bilateral) and 67 images of subjects without dental impactions (control group) matched by similar vertical (NSAr, SArGo, ArGoMe) and sagittal (ANB, SNA, APDI) skeletal characteristics, were analyzed. The maxillary width was measured at 4 levels: first molar basal width, first molar alveolar width, first premolar basal width, and first premolar alveolar width. Group comparisons were performed with analysis of variance and post-hoc Scheffé tests. The influence of group features on the transverse dimensions was evaluated by a multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Groups with unilateral and bilateral impacted maxillary canines showed significantly smaller first molar basal widths, first molar alveolar widths, and first premolar alveolar widths compared with the control group (P = 0.030, P <0.001, and P <0.001, respectively). First premolar basal widths were not significantly different among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with unilateral or bilateral impacted maxillary canines have smaller maxillary transverse dimensions than do subjects without impaction. Orthodontists should consider the relationship of maxillary width and canine impaction during diagnosis and treatment planning.

Closed vs open surgical exposure of palatally displaced canines: surgery time, postoperative complications, and patients' perceptions: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial.

Background: Closed and open surgical techniques are two different main approaches to surgical exposure of palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Because there is insufficient evidence to support one technique over the other, there is a need for randomized controlled trials. Objectives: To compare surgery time, complications and patients' perceptions between closed and open surgical techniques in PDCs. Trial design: The trial was a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial with two parallel groups randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio. Material and methods: Study participants were 119 consecutive patients from 3 orthodontic centres, with PDCs planned for surgical exposure, randomly allocated according to a computer-generated randomization list, using concealed allocation. Full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap was raised, and bone covering the canine was removed in both interventions. In closed exposure, an attachment with a chain was bonded to the canine and the flap was sutured back with the chain penetrating the mucosa. In open exposure, a window of tissue around the tooth was removed and glass ionomer cement placed on the canine crown, to prevent gingival overgrowth during spontaneous eruption. Patient perceptions were assessed with two questionnaires, for the evening on the day of operation and 7 days post-surgery. Blinding: It was not possible to blind either patients or care providers to the interventions. The outcome assessors were blinded and were unaware of patients' intervention group. Results: Seventy-five girls and 44 boys, mean age 13.4 years (SD 1.46) participated in the study and got either of the interventions (closed exposure, n = 60; open exposure, n = 59). Surgery time did not differ significantly between the interventions. Complications though were more severe in bilateral cases and the patients experienced more pain and impairment in the open group. Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences regarding surgery time between the groups. Postoperative complications were similar between the groups in unilateral PDCs, but more common in the open group in bilateral cases. More patients in the open group experienced pain and impairment compared to the closed group. Trial registration: Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02186548 and Researchweb.org, ID: 127201.

Association between Ectopic Mandibular and Maxillary Canines.

AIM: The aims of the present study were (1) to assess the prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines and (2) to evaluate whether an association exists between maxillary and mandibular canine ectopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 983 patients (males and females) were divided systematically into two groups: group I (454 patients) (control group) included patients who attended the clinic from September 2013 to August 2014, while group II (529 patients) included patients who attended the clinic from September 2014 to August 2015. Group I was used to assess the prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines in the population, while group II was used to obtain 40 radiographs of ectopic maxillary canines, which comprised group To investigate any association between maxillary and mandibular canines, the prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines was assessed in group Canine positions were assessed as follows: (1) amount of horizontal canine overlap with the adjacent lateral incisor root; (2) the angle between the canine and true vertical. RESULTS: The prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines in the population (group I) was 5.3% (24 of 454 patients); in group 22.5% (9 of 40) of maxillary canine cases exhibited ectopic mandibular canines. Group II1 had a significantly higher prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines than did the control group (group I) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of mandibular ectopic canines was 5.3%. Ectopic mandibular canines were highly associated with ectopic maxillary canines; a quarter of patients with ectopic maxillary canines are expected to have mandibular ectopia. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dentists should be aware of all dental anomalies, particularly, impacted canines. Early and interceptive management of impacted canines increases the chance of canine eruption.